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The Marion County OH Sheriff’s Office (SO) and Marion OH Police Department (PD) have granted an unprecedented level of access to their local surveillance data, specifically from the Flock Safety Automated License Plate Reader (ALPR) system, to a massive network of 2,132 external agencies. This extensive list of organizations—including hundreds of police departments, sheriff’s offices, federal agencies, and even private school districts and military bases across the nation—can now search and access the recorded movements of vehicles captured within Marion County. This vast data-sharing arrangement has fundamentally transformed a localized public safety tool into a contentious, nationwide surveillance network, raising profound questions about privacy and the limits of government tracking.
- Estimated Annual Cost for MCSO: The Marion County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) operates 34 cameras, translating to an estimated annual recurring cost of $85,000 ($2,500/camera * 34 cameras)
- Estimated Cost Per Camera: Approximately $2,500 per camera per year.
Circumventing the Law: Privacy and Accountability Loopholes
Two major concerns raised by critics involve the way government agencies use private companies to navigate legal restrictions:
1. Bypassing the Fourth Amendment
The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable government searches. Historically, courts have applied the “third-party doctrine,” which holds that individuals have no reasonable expectation of privacy in information they voluntarily share with a third party (like a bank, phone company, or in this case, a private data company).
By purchasing ALPR technology and services from a private company like Flock Safety, law enforcement agencies are attempting to leverage this loophole. Here is how critics and proponents view the situation:
- The Proponent’s View (Flock/Law Enforcement): The cameras only capture what is in plain view on a public road—a license plate—for a discrete moment. They argue that this data is not “continuous” tracking and, like any passerby, police are free to observe and record plates in public without a warrant. Courts have generally upheld this view for fixed-location cameras.
- The Critic’s View (Privacy Advocates): Critics argue that the collection and aggregation of millions of these data points across a national network—and retaining them for 30 days or longer—creates a retrospective digital dossier of a citizen’s entire life movements. This dossier, they argue, is functionally equivalent to the intensive, long-term tracking the Supreme Court found requires a warrant in the 2018 Carpenter v. United States decision, which addressed cell phone location data. Therefore, law enforcement is circumventing the spirit of the Fourth Amendment by allowing a private company to collect data the government would need a warrant to gather itself.
2. Avoiding Public Transparency and FOIA
A common concern in government use of private surveillance technology is the impact on transparency laws. The federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and comparable state public records laws mandate that government agencies disclose public records.
Private companies, however, are not subject to FOIA or state public records laws. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies have been accused of using private contractors and commercial data brokers to purchase sensitive data (e.g., location, financial, personal information) to avoid creating official government records. By purchasing data or paying a private company to hold surveillance records, government agencies can make it difficult, if not impossible, for citizens, journalists, and oversight groups to access this information through transparency requests. This practice shields government surveillance operations from public scrutiny and accountability.
Crime-Solving Data: Marion, Ohio, vs. Statewide and National Figures
To weigh the privacy concerns against the purported public safety benefits, it is necessary to examine the system’s effectiveness.
Crimes Solved in Marion, Ohio (Marion County OH SO/Marion OH PD)
Specific public reports crediting the Marion County OH SO or Marion OH PD with solving a specific crime using the Flock Safety system were not publicly available in recent records.
However, the provided usage statistics from the Marion County OH SO Transparency Portal indicate the volume of activity on the system over a 30-day period:
- Hotlist Hits (Alerts on Wanted Vehicles): 2,313
- Searches (Retroactive Crime Investigations): 395
While these numbers show the system is actively generating alerts and being used for investigations, they do not confirm how many of those hits or searches directly led to a closed case or an arrest that solved a crime.
Crimes Solved in Ohio (Other Jurisdictions)
Specific law enforcement agencies elsewhere in Ohio have publicly credited the Flock system with success in certain cases:
- The Loveland OH PD has reported using the system to quickly locate a suspect who fled a crash and to track and recover stolen vehicles.
- The Akron Police Department used the technology to find a missing, elderly woman who was located safe nearly 500 miles away from home.
- One company analysis suggests that Flock technology was associated with a notable 43% reduction in crime in a specific neighborhood in Dayton, OH.
Crimes Solved Nationwide
Flock Safety states that its technology is instrumental in national crime-solving efforts:
- The company estimates that its network helps solve approximately 10% of reported crime across the U.S.
- This translates to an estimated 700,000 crimes solved each year nationwide by its customers.
In summary, the Marion County Flock system provides access to vehicle location data for more than 2,100 other agencies. While Flock Safety claims the system is a proven tool for solving crime and locating missing persons, critics assert that this scale of collaboration fundamentally compromises the constitutional rights of all citizens to move freely without being logged and tracked, while simultaneously using a private entity to reduce governmental transparency.
Click for Organizations With Acess to Marion, Ohio’s Flock System
- Germantown OH PD
- (Dead/Old) Plymouth IN PD
- [Federal] Indiana Dunes National Park IN PD
- [Federal] US Postal Inspection Service
- [Federal] Wright Patterson OH Air Force Base
- 1st Judicial District Drug Task Force TN
- Abbeville SC PD
- Abbotsford WI PD
- Abington Township PA PD
- Acworth GA PD
- Ada County ID SO
- Adairville KY PD
- Adams County IL SO
- Adams County IN SO
- Adams County WI SO
- Adams WI PD
- Addison IL PD
- Adrian MI PD
- Ahoskie NC PD
- Akron OH PD
- AL – Bear Creek PD
- AL – Gadsden PD
- Alabama Department of Corrections
- Albany City NY PD
- Albany County NY SO
- Albion MI DPS
- Alcoa TN PD
- Alexander County NC SO
- Alexandria IN PD
- Algood TN PD
- Allegan County SO MI
- Allen County IN SO
- Allen Park PD MI
- Allentown PA PD
- Alliance OH PD
- Alpena County MI SO
- Alpharetta GA PD
- Altavista VA PD
- Altoona IA PD
- Amarillo TX PD
- Amberley Village OH PD
- Amherst County VA SO
- Amherst OH PD
- Anderson County SC SO
- Anderson County TN SO
- Anderson IN PD
- Anderson SC PD
- Angier NC PD
- Ankeny IA PD
- Anna TX PD
- Anoka County MN SO
- Antioch IL PD
- Antrim County SO MI
- Apex NC PD
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- AR – Alma PD
- Arcanum OH PD
- Archbold OH PD
- Ardmore AL PD
- Arlington County VA PD
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- Arthur IL PD
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- Auglaize County OH SO
- Aurora IL PD
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- Austin County TX SO
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- Avon IN PD
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- Baldwinsville Central School District Inc NY
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- Ballard County KY SO
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- Batavia NY PD
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- Bedford County TN SO
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- Bedford County VA SO
- Bedford OH PD
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- Bellefontaine PD – OH
- Bellevue OH PD
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- Benton County WA SO
- Berea KY PD
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- Berrien County MI SO
- Bethany Beach DE PD
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- Blackford County IN SO
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- Blount County Commission (AL)
- Blount County TN SO
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- Boone County IL SO
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- Brunswick OH PD
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- CAC- Central NY
- Caldwell County NC SO
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- Calumet Park IL PD
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- Campbell County VA SO
- Canfield OH PD
- Canton IL PD
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- Cape Girardeau County MO SO
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- Caroline County VA SO
- Carpentersville IL PD
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- Carson County TX SO
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- Clermont County SO – OH
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- Coweta County GA SO
- Crainville IL PD
- Cranberry Township PA PD
- Cranbury NJ PD
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- Craven County ABC Board (NC)
- Crawford County IL SO
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- Crawford Town NY PD
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- Crewe VA PD
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- Crisp County GA SO
- Cross Creek Township OH PD
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- Crystal City MO PD
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- CSX Railroad PD
- Cullman County AL SO
- Cumberland County PA DA
- Cumberland Metro IN PD
- Cumming GA PD
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- Currituck County NC SO
- Cuyahoga Falls OH PD
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- Dalton GA PD
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- Dane County WI SO
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- Delhi Twp OH PD
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- Dent County MO SO
- Department of Natural Resources – GA
- Depew NY PD
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- Des Moines County IA SO
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- Dover DE PD
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- DuPage Co IL Prosecutor Office
- DuPage County IL SO
- Duquesne MO PD
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- Dutchess County NY District Attorney’s (DA) Office
- Dutchess County NY SO
- Dyer County TN SO
- Dyersburg TN PD
- Easley SC PD
- East Canton OH PD
- East Cleveland OH PD [deactivated]
- East Dundee IL PD
- East Hampton Village NY PD
- East Hanover Twp PD (Morris County)
- East Hempfield Twp PA PD
- East Liverpool OH PD
- East Moline IL PD
- East Point GA PD
- Eastern Adams Regional PA PD
- Eastlake OH PD
- Eastpointe MI PD
- Eaton OH PD
- Eatonton GA PD
- Eau Claire County WI SO
- ECU Health NC PD
- Edgecombe County NC SO
- Edison State Community College
- El Cajon CA PD
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- Elizabeth NJ PD
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- Elkhart County IN SO
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- Erie County NY SO
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- Erie PA PD
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- Erwin NC PD
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- Escambia County FL SO
- Etowah County AL SO
- Euclid OH PD
- Euharlee GA PD
- Eureka MO PD
- Evans Town NY PD
- Evansville IN PD
- Evendale OH PD
- Fairborn OH PD
- Fairburn GA PD
- Fairfax County VA PD
- Fairfax OH PD
- Fairfield CA PD
- Fairfield County OH SO
- Fairfield County SC SO
- Fairfield PD – OH
- Fairfield Township OH PD
- Fairlawn OH PD
- Fairmont NC PD
- Fairmont State University WV PD
- Fairmont WV PD
- Fairmount IN PD
- Fairview Park OH PD
- Fannin County GA SO
- Farmer City IL PD
- Farmington Hills MI PD
- Fayette County IL SO
- Fayette County KY SO
- Fayette County PA DA Office
- Fayette County TN SO
- Fayette OH PD
- Fayetteville NC PD
- Fenton MI PD
- Ferguson MO PD
- Ferndale MI PD
- Fishers IN PD
- Fishkill Town NY PD
- Five Rivers MetroParks OH PD
- Flat Rock MI PD
- Fleming County KY SO
- Fletcher NC PD
- Florence AL PD
- Florence Co. WI SO
- Florence County SC SO
- Florence KY PD
- Florence SC PD
- Florissant MO PD
- Flossmoor IL PD
- Floyd County GA PD
- Floyd County IN SO
- Forest City NC PD
- Forest County WI SO
- Forest Heights MD PD
- Forest Park OH PD
- Forest Preserve District Will County PD (IL)
- Forrest County MS SO
- Forsyth County GA SO
- Forsyth County NC SO
- Fort Collins CO PD
- Fort Loramie OH PD
- Fort Mill SC PD
- Fort Oglethorpe GA PD
- Fort Wayne IN PD
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- Fox Valley IL Parks District
- Frankfort KY PD
- Franklin County AL SO
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- Franklin County OH SO
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- Franklin IN PD
- Franklin NJ PD
- Franklin Park IL PD
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- Franklin Township OH PD
- Franklin Township PA PD
- Fraser MI DPS
- Freeport IL PD
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- Friendswood TX PD
- Front Royal VA PD
- Fulton County GA PD
- Fulton County IL SO
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- Fulton IL PD
- Fulton MO PD
- Fuquay-Varina NC PD
- GA – Georgia Piedmont Technical College
- GA – MCS/OCU/Intelligence
- Gahanna OH PD
- Gainesville GA PD
- Galesburg IL PD
- Gallatin TN PD
- Gallia County OH SO
- Galva IL PD
- Garden City MI PD
- Garden City NY PD
- Garfield Heights OH PD
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- Gas City IN PD
- Gasconade Co MO SO
- Gastonia NC PD
- Gates Mills Village OH PD
- Gatlinburg TN PD
- Gaylord MI PD
- Geauga County OH SO
- Geddes Town NY PD
- Genesee County MI SO
- Genesee County NY SO
- Genoa Township OH PD
- Georgetown IL PD
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- Georgia Attorney General’s Office – GA
- Georgia Dept. of Corrections Intelligence Unit (GA)
- Georgia State Patrol GA PD
- German Township OH PD
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- Gibsonville NC PD
- Giles County TN SO
- Girard OH PD
- Glasgow KY PD
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- Grafton WI PD
- Grand Blanc Twp MI PD
- Grand Chute WI PD
- Grand Haven MI DPS
- Grand Rapids MI PD
- Grand Ridge IL PD
- Grand Traverse County MI SO
- Grandview MO PD
- Grant County IN SO
- Grant County WI SO
- Gratiot County MI SO
- Graves County KY SO
- Gray County TX SO
- Grayslake IL PD
- Grayson County VA SO
- Great Parks of Hamilton County OH PD
- Green Lake County WI SO
- Green Oak Township MI PD
- Green Springs OH PD
- Greenbrier TN PD
- Greendale IN PD
- Greene County GA SO
- Greene County IN SO
- Greene County OH SO
- Greenfield IN PD
- Greenfield OH PD
- Greenfield WI PD
- Greenport Town NY PD
- Greensville County VA SO
- Greenville County SC SO
- Greenville SC PD
- Greenwood County SC SO
- Greenwood IN PD
- Greenwood SC PD
- Greer SC PD
- Griffith IN PD
- Groton Village NY PD
- Grove City OH PD
- Groveport OH PD
- Grundy County IL 911
- Grundy County IL SO
- Guernsey County OH SO
- Guilford County NC SO
- Gulf Breeze FL PD
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- Gun Lake Tribal PD MI
- Guntersville AL PD
- Gurnee IL PD
- Gwinnett County GA SO
- Gwinnett County School PD
- Habersham County GA SO
- Hackensack NJ PD
- Hackleburg AL PD
- Halifax County NC SO
- Halifax County VA SO
- Hall County GA SO
- Halls TN PD
- Hamblen County TN SO
- Hamburg Town NY PD
- Hamburg Township MI PD (Livingston County)
- Hamburg Village NY PD
- Hamilton County IN SO
- Hamilton County OH SO
- Hamilton County TN SO
- Hamilton Township OH PD
- Hampton University VA Campus PD
- Hamtramck MI PD
- Hancock County GA SO
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- Hancock MD PD
- Hannibal MO PD
- Hanover Park IL PD
- Hanover Twp PA PD
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- Haralson County GA SO
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- Harnett County NC SO
- Harriman TN PD
- Harrington DE PD
- Harrison County IN SO
- Harrison OH PD
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- Hart County GA SO
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- Harvey County KS SO
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- Haywood County NC SO
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- Heath OH PD
- Hebron OH PD
- Hempstead Village NY PD
- Henderson County KY SO
- Henderson County NC SO
- Henderson KY PD
- Henderson NC PD
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- Henry County IL SO
- Henry County IN SO
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- Hermitage PA PD
- Herndon VA PD
- Herrin IL PD
- Hickory Hills IL PD
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- Highland Heights KY PD
- Highland IN PD
- Highland Park MI PD
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- Hillsborough County FL SO
- Hillsborough NC PD
- Hillsborough Twp NJ PD
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- Hilltown Township PA PD
- Hinckley IL PD
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- Hinsdale IL PD
- Hiram GA PD
- Hobart IN PD
- Hoffman Estates IL PD
- Hoke County NC SO
- Holland MI PD
- Holland OH PD
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- Hollywood FL PD
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- Homecroft IN PD
- Homer Village NY PD
- Homestead PA PD
- Hoopeston IL PD
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- Houston TX PD
- Howard County IN SO
- Hubbard OH PD
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- Hunterdon County NJ Prosecutors Office
- Huntersville PD NC
- Hunting Valley OH PD
- Huntingburg IN PD
- Huntington County IN SO
- Huntington IN PD
- Huntley IL PD
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- Huron OH PD
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- Hutchinson KS PD
- Hyattsville MD PD
- Hyde Park NY PD
- IA – Eldridge PD
- IA – Storm Lake PD
- Idaho State Police ID
- Illinois Attorney General
- IN – Albion PD
- IN – Angola PD
- IN – Cromwell PD
- IN – Jasonville PD
- IN – Middletown PD
- IN – Noble County Prosecutors
- IN – Rensselaer PD
- IN – Sweetser PD
- IN – Tipton County SO
- IN- Noble County SO
- Inc Village of Lake Success NY
- Independence KS PD
- Independence KY PD
- Independence OH PD
- Indian Hill OH PD
- Indian Hills KY PD
- Indiana Department of Corrections
- Indiana Department of Natural Resources
- Indiana HIDTA
- Indiana State Police IN PD
- Indianapolis Metro PD IN
- Ingalls IN PD
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- Iowa County WI SO
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- Irmo SC PD
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- Jackson County GA SO
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- Jackson MI PD
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- Jackson Township OH PD (Stark County)
- Jackson WI PD
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- Jasper AL PD
- Jasper County IN SO
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- Jefferson County MO SO
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- Jessamine County KY SO
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- Johnson County IN SO
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- Juab County UT SO
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- Kane County IL SO
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- Kankakee IL PD
- Kansas Highway Patrol
- Kaysville UT PD
- Kellogg Community College Campus MI PD
- KenCom Public Safety Dispatch
- Kendall County TX SO
- Kendallville IN PD
- Kenilworth NJ PD
- Kenmore Village NY PD
- Kennesaw GA PD
- Kennesaw State University GA PD
- Kenosha County WI SO
- Kenosha WI PD
- Kent County MI SO
- Kent OH PD
- Kenton County KY SO
- Kentwood MI PD
- Kernersville NC PD
- Kershaw County SC SO
- Kettering OH PD
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- Kill Devil Hills NC PD
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- King George County VA SO
- Kings Mountain NC PD
- Kingsport TN PD
- Kingston Springs TN PD
- Kingston TN PD
- Kingston Township PA PD (Luzerne County)
- Kinston NC PD
- Knightdale NC PD
- Knox County IL SO
- Knox County IN SO
- Knox County TN SO
- Kokomo IN PD
- KS – Meade County SO
- KY – Fort Mitchell PD
- La Crosse WI PD
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- La Grange IL PD
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- La Paz County AZ SO
- La Vergne TN PD
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- Lafayette IN PD
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- LaGrange IN PD
- LaGrange KY PD
- Lake City FL PD
- Lake County Forest Preserves IL PD
- Lake County IN SO
- Lake County OH SO
- Lake Delton WI PD
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- Lake In The Hills IL PD
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- Lake Villa IL PD
- Lake Zurich IL PD
- Lakeland FL PD
- Lakemore OH PD
- Lakeside Park-Crestview Hills KY PD
- Lakewood OH PD
- Lakewood WA PD
- Lancaster County SC SO
- Lancaster NY PD
- Lancaster SC PD
- Lansing IL PD
- Lansing MI PD
- Lantana FL PD
- Laporte County IN SO
- LaSalle Co. IL SO – New
- Lasalle IL PD
- Lathrup Village MI PD
- Lauderdale County AL SO
- Lauderdale County TN SO
- Laurel DE PD
- Laurel Park NC PD
- Laurens County SC SO
- Laurens SC PD
- Lavonia GA PD
- Lawrence County AL SO
- Lawrence County IL SO
- Lawrence County IN SO
- Lawrence County TN SO
- Lawrence District Attorney PA
- Lawrenceburg KY PD
- Lawrenceville GA PD
- Lawrenceville VA PD
- Lea County NM SO
- Lebanon IN PD
- Lebanon KY PD
- Lebanon OH PD
- Lebanon TN PD
- Lee County GA SO
- Lee County IL SO
- Lee County SC SO
- Leesburg AL PD
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- Lehigh County PA (RIIC)
- Leitchfield KY PD
- Lena IL PD
- Lenawee County MI SO
- Lenoir City TN PD
- Lenoir County NC SO
- Lenoir NC PD
- Lexington KY PD
- Lexington Medical Center SC PD
- Lexington NC PD
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- Lexington OH PD
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- Liberty Township OH PD
- Liberty Village NY PD
- Licking County OH SO
- Ligonier IN PD
- Lilburn GA PD
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- Limestone County AL SO
- Lincoln AL PD
- Lincoln County NC SO
- Lincoln County SO NE
- Lincoln County TN SO
- Lincoln Park MI PD
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- Livingston County IL SO
- Livonia MI PD
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- Logan County KY SO
- Logan Township PA PD
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- London OH PD
- Longport NJ PD
- Lonoke County AR SO
- Lookout Mountain TN PD
- Lorain County OH SO
- Lorain OH PD
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- Loudon County TN SO
- Loudon TN PD
- Loudonville OH PD
- Loudoun County VA SO
- Louisburg NC PD
- Louisville Airport PD
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- Louisville OH PD
- Lovejoy GA PD
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- Loves Park IL PD
- Lower Twp NJ PD
- Lowndes County GA SO
- Lucas County OH SO
- Lumberton NC PD
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- Luzerne County PA DA’s Office
- Lyman PD SC
- Lynchburg OH PD
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- Macomb IL PD
- Macon County IL SO
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- Madeira OH PD
- Madison AL PD
- Madison County AL SO
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- Madison Heights MI PD
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- Madisonville KY PD
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- MAGLOCLEN RISS
- Mahanoy City PD (PA)
- Mahoning County OH SO
- Mahoning Twp PA PD
- Mahoning Valley Law Enforcement TF (OH)
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- Mar Mac IA PD
- Marathon County WI SO
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- Marinette County SO (WI)
- Marinette WI PD
- Marion AR PD
- Marion County IL SO
- Marion County MO SO
- Marion County WV SO
- Marion Health PD (IN)
- Marion IL PD
- Marion IN PD
- Marion NC PD
- Marion OH PD
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- Markle IN PD
- Marshall County AL SO
- Marshall County Drug Task Force WV
- Marshall County Prosecutor’s Office IN
- Marshall TX PD
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- Marta PD GA
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- Mason County IL SO
- Mason PD – OH
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- Mathews County VA SO
- Matteson IL PD
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- Maury County SO TN
- Mayfield KY PD
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- McCracken County KY SO
- McDonough County IL SO
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- Mclean County IL SO
- McMinnville TN PD
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- Mecklenburg County VA SO
- Medina County OH SO
- Medina OH PD
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- Menard County IL SO
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- Mentor OH PD
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- Mercer County OH SO
- Metra IL PD
- Metro East Auto Theft (IL)
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- Metropolis IL PD
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- MI – Riverview PD
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- Miami County OH SO
- Miami County Park District OH Rangers
- Miami Township OH PD (Clermont)
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- Miami-Dade FL SO
- Miamisburg OH PD
- Michigan City IN PD
- Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC)
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- Milam County TX SO
- Milan IL PD
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- Milwaukee County WI SO
- Milwaukee WI PD – STAC
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- Mississippi Department of Public Safety
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- Missouri Information Analysis Center
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- Mitchell County NC SO
- Mogadore OH PD
- Mohave County AZ SO
- Mokena IL PD
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- Monongalia WV County SO
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- Monroe GA PD
- Monroe MI PD
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- Monroe NJ PD [Middlesex County]
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- Montgomery County Detective Bureau PA
- Montgomery County IN SO
- Montgomery County OH SO
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- Montgomery County TX SO
- Montgomery County VA SO
- Montgomery TWP NJ PD
- Montville CT PD
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- Moore County NC SO
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- Morgan County AL SO
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- Morris IL PD
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- Mountain City TN PD
- MS – Flowood PD
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- MSD Wayne Township IN PD
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- Murfreesboro TN PD
- Murray County GA SO
- Muscle Shoals AL PD
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- Muskegon County MI SO
- Muskegon Heights MI PD
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- Muskingum County OH SO
- Muttontown NY PD
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- Napoleon Twp MI PD
- Nash County NC SO
- Nashville Intl Airport TN PD
- Nashville NC PD
- Nassau County NY PD
- National Center for Missing & Exploited Children [NCMEC]
- Nebraska State Patrol
- Nelson County KY SO
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- Neshkoro WI PD
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- New Hanover County NC SO
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- Newberry County SC SO
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- Newton County GA SO
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- Newton NC PD
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- Niceville FL PD
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- NICTD – IN PD
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- North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation (NCSBI)
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- North Missouri Drug Task Force MO
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- Northampton County PA DA
- Northbrook IL PD
- Northeast Ohio Regional Fusion Center
- Northern Berks Regional PA PD
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- Northfield IL PD
- Northfield KY PD
- Northfield OH PD
- Northville Twp MI PD
- Norton OH PD
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- Norwalk OH PD
- Norwalk OH PD – DNU
- Norwood OH PD
- NYS Crime Analysis Center Network
- O’Fallon MO PD
- Oak Creek WI PD
- Oak Park MI Dept of Public Safety
- Oak Ridge TN PD
- Oakland County MI SO
- Oakland TN PD
- Oakwood Village OH PD (Cuyahoga)
- Obetz OH PD
- Obion County TN SO
- Ocean County Prosecutors Office NJ
- Ocean Springs MS PD
- Ocean View DE PD
- Oconee County GA SO
- Oconee County SC SO
- Oconomowoc WI PD
- Ogle County IL SO
- Oglesby IL PD
- Oglethorpe County GA SO
- OH – Bridgeport PD
- OH – Butler County SO
- OH – Chillicothe PD
- OH – City of Canal Winchester
- OH – College of Mount St. Joseph
- OH – Commercial Point PD
- OH – Delaware PD
- OH – Hamilton PD
- OH – Highland County SO
- OH – Jefferson County Drug Task Force
- OH – Johnny Appleseed Metropolitan Park District PD
- OH – Mariemont PD
- OH – Metroparks Toledo
- OH – Middletown PD
- OH – Milford PD
- OH – Oakwood PD
- OH – Painesville PD
- OH – Preservation Parks of Delaware County
- OH – Sabina PD
- OH – South Bloomfield PD
- OH – Stark Parks Public Safety
- OH – U.S.23 Major Crimes Task Force
- OH – Willard PD
- OH – Williamsburg PD
- OH- Springfield Township PD (Hamilton Co)
- Ohio Attorney General’s Office – OOCIC
- Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation
- Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (LE)
- Ohio County SO WV
- Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction – Office of the Chief Inspector
- Ohio Department of Youth Services – Office of the Chief Inspector
- Ohio State Fire Marshal
- Ohio State Highway Patrol
- Ohio State University OH PD
- Old Fort NC PD
- Old Westbury Village NY PD
- Oliver Springs TN PD
- Olmsted Falls OH PD
- Olmsted Township OH PD
- Onalaska WI PD
- Onondaga County DA Office
- Onondaga County NY SO
- Ontario OH PD
- Orange Beach AL PD
- Orangeburg Department of Public Safety SC
- Oregon OH PD
- Orland Hills IL PD
- Orlando FL PD
- Orting WA PD
- Osceola AR PD
- Oshkosh WI PD
- Oswego IL PD
- Ottawa County MI SO
- Ottawa County OH SO
- Ottawa IL PD
- Ouachita Parish LA SO
- Overland MO PD
- Owensboro KY PD
- Oxford AL PD
- Oxford GA PD
- Oxford MS PD
- Oxford PD – OH
- Oxford Township (Butler County) OH PD
- Ozaukee County WI SO
- Paducah KY PD
- Palm Beach County FL SO
- Palmyra MO PD
- Palos Heights IL PD
- Palos Hills IL PD
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- Panama City FL PD
- Paradise Valley AZ PD
- Paris KY PD
- Paris TN PD
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- Parke County IN SO
- Parkersburg WV PD
- Parma Heights OH PD
- Parma OH PD
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- Patton TWP PD PA
- Pawnee County KS SO
- Pea Ridge AR PD
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- Peachtree Corners GA Marshal’s Office
- Pecatonica IL PD
- Pemberton Township NJ PD
- Pembroke NC PD
- Pembroke Pines FL PD
- Pemiscot County MO SO
- Pender County NC SO
- Pendleton SC PD
- Pennington Gap VA PD
- Peoria County IL SO
- Peoria IL PD
- Peotone IL PD
- Perkins Township OH PD
- Perry County IN SO
- Perry County MO SO
- Perry County MS SO
- Perry County OH SO
- Perry Township OH PD
- Perrysburg OH PD
- Perrysburg Twp OH PD
- Person County NC SO
- Petersburg IL PD
- Phelps County MO SO
- Pickens County SC SO
- Pierce Township OH PD
- Pike County IL SO
- Pinellas Park FL PD
- Pineville NC PD
- Pitt County NC SO
- Pittsboro IN PD
- Pittsburgh PA PD
- Pittsfield Twp MI PD
- Pittston Township PA PD
- Plain City OH PD
- Plainfield IL PD
- Plainfield IN PD
- Plattekill Town NY PD
- Pleasants County WV SO
- Plover WI PD
- Plymouth MI PD
- Plymouth PD IN
- Plymouth Township PA PD
- Pocomoke City MD PD
- Pokagon Tribal MI PD
- Poland Township OH PD
- Polk County NC SO
- Poquoson VA PD
- Port Clinton OH PD
- Port Edwards WI PD
- Port Huron MI PD
- Portage County WI SO
- Portage IN PD
- Portage MI PD
- Porter County IN SO
- Portland TN PD
- Posen IL PD
- Posey County IN SO
- Pottawatomie County KS SO
- Pottawattamie County IA SO
- Poughkeepsie City NY PD
- Powell OH PD
- Prairie Du Chien WI PD
- Pratt County KS SO
- Preble County OH SO
- Prescott AZ PD
- Prince George County VA PD
- Prince George’s Community College MD PD
- Prince William County VA PD
- Princeton IN PD
- Promedica OH PD
- Pulaski County IN SO
- Pulaski VA PD
- Purcell OK PD
- Purdue University IN PD
- Putnam County GA SO
- Putnam County IN SO
- Putnam County TN SO
- Puyallup WA PD
- Quincy IL PD
- Rabun County GA SO
- Racine County WI Communications Center
- Racine WI PD
- Radcliff KY PD
- Radford City VA PD
- Raeford NC PD
- Rainbow City AL PD
- Raleigh NC PD
- Ralls County MO SO
- Rantoul IL PD
- Ravenna OH PD
- Raytown MO PD
- Reading OH PD
- Redford Twp MI PD
- Reeves CO TX SO
- Regional Vehicle Burglary Suppression Taskforce TX
- Rehoboth Beach DE PD
- Reidsville NC PD
- Reminderville OH PD
- Rensselaer NY PD
- Republic MO PD
- Reynoldsburg OH PD
- Rhea County TN SO
- Richfield OH PD
- Richland Center WI PD
- Richland County OH SO
- Richland County SC SO
- Richland County SO IL
- Richland County WI SO
- Richland Township (Bucks CO) PA PD
- Richland Township (Cambria County) PA PD
- Richland Twp OH PD
- Richmond County GA SO
- Richmond County NC SO
- Richmond Heights MO PD
- Richmond Heights OH PD
- Richmond KY PD
- Richmond VA PD
- Ridgefield CT PD
- RIG WI DTF
- Rincon GA PD
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- River Falls WI PD
- River Grove IL PD
- River Rouge MI PD
- Riverdale GA PD
- Riverdale IL PD
- Riverside County CA District Attorney
- Riverside PD – OH
- Riverton IL PD
- Roanoke VA PD
- Robertson County TN SO
- Robeson County NC SO
- Robinson IL PD
- Robinson Township PA PD
- Rochester IL PD
- Rochester IN PD
- Rock County WI SO
- Rock Falls IL PD
- Rock Hill SC PD
- Rock Island County IL SO
- Rock Island IL PD
- Rockdale County GA SO
- Rockdale IL PD
- Rockford IL PD
- Rockingham County VA SO
- Rockingham NC PD
- Rockmart GA PD
- Rockport IN PD
- Rockwood MI PD
- Rockwood TN PD
- Rocky Mount NC PD
- Rocky River OH PD
- Rogers AR PD
- Rolling Meadows IL PD
- Rome GA PD
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- Ross Township OH PD
- Ross Township PA PD
- Rossford OH PD
- Rossville IL PD
- Rossville IN PD
- Roswell GA PD
- Round Lake Park IL PD
- Rowan County NC SO
- Rowan University NJ PD
- Roxboro NC PD
- Roxbury Twp NJ PD
- Royal Oak MI PD
- Rush County IN SO
- Russell County AL SO
- Russellville AL PD
- Russellville KY PD
- Rutherford County NC SO
- Rutherfordton NC PD
- Saginaw MI PD
- Saint Clair Shores MI PD
- Saint Croix Falls WI PD
- Saint Francis WI PD
- Saint Marys WV PD
- Salem IL PD
- Salem IN PD
- Salem OH PD
- Salina KS PD
- San Antonio TX PD
- Sandusky County SO OH
- Sandusky OH PD
- Sandy Springs GA PD
- Sangamon County IL SO
- Santa Ana CA PD
- Santa Claus IN PD
- Santa Rosa County FL SO
- Sarasota County FL SO
- Sarasota FL PD
- Sardis City AL PD
- Sarpy County NE SO
- Sauk Prairie WI PD
- Sauk Village IL PD
- Savannah TN PD
- SC – Columbia Metropolitan Airport PD
- Scarborough ME PD
- Scarsdale Village NY PD
- Schuyler Co. IL SO
- Schuyler County MO SO
- Scotch Plains NJ PD
- Scotia Village NY PD
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- Scott County IA SO
- Scott County MS SO
- Scottsboro AL PD
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- Seaford DE PD
- Sealy TX PD
- Seat Pleasant MD PD
- Seguin TX PD
- Selma NC PD
- Seminole County FL SO
- SEMO Drug Task Force MO
- Seneca SC PD
- Senoia GA PD
- Sevier County TN SO
- Sevierville TN PD
- Seville OH PD
- Seymour IN PD
- Shaker Heights OH PD
- Sharonville OH PD
- Shawnee KS PD
- Sheboygan WI PD
- Sheffield Village OH PD
- Shelby County AL SO
- Shelby County IL SO
- Shelby County KY SO
- Shelby County TN SO
- Shelby Township MI PD
- Shelbyville KY PD
- Shelbyville TN PD
- Shenandoah VA PD
- Shenango PA PD
- Shepherdsville KY PD
- Sheridan AR PD
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- Sherman IL PD
- Sherwood AR PD
- Shinnston WV PD
- Shorewood IL PD
- Show Low AZ PD
- Sidney OH PD
- Sikeston MO DPS
- Silver Lake PD IN
- Simpsonville SC PD
- Sioux City IA PD
- Skokie IL PD
- Slinger WI PD
- Smithfield NC PD
- Smithfield VA PD
- Smyrna TN PD
- Smyth County VA SO
- Snellville GA PD
- Society SC PD
- Solon OH PD
- Somerset Borough PA PD
- Somerset County NJ Prosecutors Office
- Somerset MA PD
- South Barrington IL PD
- South Bend IN Airport Transit PD
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- South Carolina Law Enforcement Division – SLED
- South Central OH Major Crimes Unit
- South Charleston WV PD
- South Dakota Division of Criminal Investigation SD
- South Elgin IL PD
- South Euclid OH PD
- South Heidelberg Township PA PD
- South Russell OH PD
- South Whitehall PA PD
- Southern Illinois University IL PD
- Southern Pines NC PD
- Southern Regl PA PD
- Southern View IL PD
- Southfield MI PD
- Sparta TN PD
- Sparta Twp NJ PD
- Spartanburg County SC SO
- Speedway IN PD
- Spencer County IN SO
- Spotsylvania County VA SO
- Spring Arbor MI PD
- Spring Hill TN PD
- Spring Township PA PD
- Spring Valley IL PD
- Springboro OH PD
- Springdale OH PD
- Springfield MO PD
- Springfield OH PD
- Springfield TN PD
- St Mary Parish LA SO
- St Pauls NC PD
- St. Ann MO PD
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- St. Charles County MO PD
- St. Charles IL PD
- St. Clair County MI SO
- St. Clairsville OH PD
- St. John Parish LA SO
- St. Joseph County SO IN
- St. Joseph Department of Public Safety MI
- St. Louis County MO PD
- St. Matthews KY PD
- St. Peters MO PD
- Stamping Ground KY PD
- Stanley NC PD
- Stark County SO
- Starke County IN SO
- Ste. Genevieve County MO SO
- Steele AL PD
- Stephenson County IL SO
- Sterling Heights MI PD
- Sterling IL PD
- Steubenville OH PD
- Stevens Point WI PD
- Stockbridge GA PD
- Stow OH PD
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- Streetsboro OH PD
- Strongsville OH PD
- Struthers OH PD
- Sturgis MI PD
- Suffolk VA PD
- Sugar Notch Borough PA PD
- Sugarcreek Township OH PD
- Sullivan IL PD
- Sullivan County IN SO
- Sullivan County NY SO
- Sullivan County TN SO
- Summerset SD PD
- Summit County CO SO
- Summit County OH SO
- Summit IL PD
- Summit Metro Parks OH PD
- Sumner County TN SO
- Sumpter Twp MI PD
- Sumter County SC SO
- Sunbury OH PD
- Sunset Hills MO PD
- SUNY Old Westbury NY PD
- SUNY-Onondaga Community College Campus NY PD
- Surry County NC SO
- Susquehanna Township PA PD
- Suwanee GA PD
- Swainsboro GA PD
- Swanton OH PD
- Sycamore IL PD
- Sylvania OH PD
- Sylvania Township OH PD
- Tallapoosa GA PD
- Tallmadge OH PD
- Tampa FL PD
- Tarpon Springs FL PD
- Taylor MI PD
- Taylorsville NC PD
- Tazewell County IL SO
- Tell City IN PD
- Temple GA PD
- Temple University Campus PA PD
- Tennessee Bureau of Investigation
- Tennessee Valley Authority Police
- Terre Haute IN PD
- Texas Department of Criminal Justice
- Texas Financial Crimes Intelligence Center
- Thomas County GA SO
- Thomasville NC PD
- Thornton CO PD
- Three Rivers MI PD
- Tilden Township PA PD
- Tinley Park IL PD
- Tinton Falls NJ PD
- Tipp City OH PD
- Tippecanoe County IN SO
- Tipton County TN SO
- TN ROCIC
- Toledo OH PD
- Tomah WI PD
- Tompkins County NY Sheriff’s Office
- Tonawanda Town NY PD
- Tooele City PD UT
- Toronto OH PD
- Town of Bean Station PD TN
- Town of Campbell WI PD
- Town Of Delavan WI PD
- Town of East Fishkill NY PD
- Town of Groton CT PD
- Town of Newburgh NY PD
- Town of Poughkeepsie NY PD
- Town of Rutherford College (NC)
- Town of Woodbury NY PD
- Towns County GA SO
- Transylvania County NC SO
- Traverse City MI PD
- Trenton OH PD
- Trousdale County TN SO
- Troy MI PD
- Troy OH PD
- Tuscarawas County OH SO
- Tuscola County MI SO
- Twinsburg OH PD
- Two Rivers WI PD
- TX – Vidor PD
- Tyrone GA PD
- Ulster Town NY PD
- UNC Asheville NC PD
- Union County GA SO
- Union County KY SO
- Union County NC SO
- Union County OH SO
- Union County SC SO
- Union OH PD
- Union Township PD (Clermont Co) – OH
- University Circle OH PD
- University City MO PD
- University Heights OH PD
- University of Central Missouri PD
- University of Delaware PD
- University of Illinois – Chicago IL PD
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign IL PD
- University of Illinois- Springfield
- University of Kentucky
- University of Louisville KY PD
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor Campus MI PD
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC
- University of North Carolina Charlotte (NC)
- University of North Georgia PD (GA)
- University of Tennessee TN PD
- University of Toledo OH PD
- University of West Georgia GA PD
- University of Wisconsin – Green Bay WI PD
- Upper Arlington OH PD
- Upper Dublin Twp PA PD
- Upshur County WV SO
- Urbana OH PD
- Utica MI PD
- Utica OH PD
- VA – George Mason University Campus PD
- Vacaville CA PD
- Valparaiso IN PD
- Van Buren County TN SO
- Van Buren MI PD
- Van Wert OH PD
- Vance County NC SO
- Vandalia IL PD
- Vandalia OH PD
- Vanderburgh County IN SO
- Vermillion County IN SO
- Vernon County WI SO
- Vernon Parish LA SO
- Vero Beach FL PD
- Vestal Town NY PD
- Vestavia Hills AL PD
- Vienna IL PD
- Vienna VA PD
- Vienna WV PD
- Vigo County IN SO
- Villa Hills KY PD
- Villa Park IL PD
- Villa Rica GA PD
- Village of Clearview WV PD
- Village of Dundee MI PD
- Village of Harrisburg OH PD
- Village of Jefferson OH PD
- Village of Manhattan IL PD
- Village of Pingree Grove IL PD
- Vincennes IN PD
- Vine Grove KY PD
- Virden IL PD
- Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR)
- Virginia State Police
- Virginia Tech University VA PD
- Voorhees NJ PD
- Wabash County IN SO
- Wabash IN PD
- Wabaunsee County SO (KS)
- Wadsworth OH PD
- Wakarusa IN PD
- Wake Forest NC PD
- WakeMed Campus PD and Public Safety (NC)
- Walker MI PD
- Walled Lake MI PD
- Walters State Community College TN Campus PD
- Walton County FL SO
- Walworth County WI SO
- Wapakoneta OH PD
- Wapello County IA SO
- Warner Robins GA PD
- Warren County KY SO
- Warren County OH SO
- Warren County TN SO
- Warren MI PD
- Warren NJ PD
- Warren OH PD
- Warrensville Heights OH PD
- Warrenton NC PD
- Warrenville IL PD
- Warrick County IN SO
- Warson Woods MO PD
- Wartburg TN PD
- Warwick Town NY PD
- Washington County District Attorney PA
- Washington County MD SO
- Washington County MO SO
- Washington County OH SO
- Washington County TN SO
- Washington County WI SO
- Washington IA PD
- Washington IL PD
- Washington MO PD
- Washington Township (Gloucester) NJ PD
- Washoe County NV SO
- Watauga County NC SO
- Watchung NJ PD
- Waterford Township MI PD
- Waterville OH PD
- Wauconda IL PD
- Waukegan IL PD
- Waukesha WI PD
- Waupaca County WI SO
- Wauseon OH PD
- Waxhaw NC PD
- Wayland MI PD
- Wayne County Airport Authority MI
- Wayne County TN SO
- Waynesville NC PD
- Weber City VA PD
- Webster Groves MO PD
- Wellford SC PD
- Wells County IN SO
- Wentzville MO PD
- West Bend WI PD
- West Bloomfield Twp MI PD
- West Carrollton OH PD
- West Chester OH PD
- West Chicago IL PD
- West City IL PD
- West Deptford NJ PD
- West Des Moines IA PD
- West Harrison IN PD
- West Homestead PA PD
- West Lafayette IN PD
- West Mifflin PA PD
- West Milton OH PD
- West Norriton Twp PA
- West Seneca NY PD
- West Terre Haute IN PD
- West View Borough PA PD
- West Virginia Fusion Center (WV)
- Westchester County NY DPS
- Westchester IL PD
- Western Michigan University MI PD
- Westerville OH PD
- Westfield IN PD
- Westfield NJ PD
- Westlake OH PD
- Westland MI PD
- Westmont IL PD
- Westmoreland County VA SO
- Westworth Village TX PD
- Weyauwega WI PD
- Wheaton IL PD
- Wheeling IL PD
- White County AR SO
- White House TN PD
- White Lake Twp MI PD
- White Pine TN PD
- Whitehall OH PD
- Whitehall Township PA PD
- Whitemarsh Township PA PD
- Whitestown IN PD
- Whiteville NC PD
- Whitewater WI PD
- Whitfield County GA SO
- Whitley County IN Prosector
- Wichita Falls TX PD
- Wickliffe OH PD
- Wilkes County GA SO
- Wilkes County NC SO
- Wilkesboro NC PD
- Will County IL SO
- Williamsburg VA PD
- Williamson Co. IL SO
- Williamson County TN SO
- Willoughby Hills OH PD
- Willoughby OH PD
- Willow Springs IL PD
- Willowbrook IL PD
- Willowick OH PD
- Wilmette IL PD
- Wilmington DE PD
- Wilmore KY PD
- Wilson County NC SO
- Wilton Manors FL PD
- Winchester IN PD
- Winder GA PD
- Windham OH PD
- Windsor CO PD
- Windsor- IL- PD
- Winnebago County IL SO
- Winona County MN SO
- Winona MN PD
- Wintersville OH PD
- Winterville NC PD
- Wisconsin State Capitol Police (WI)
- Wise County VA SO
- Wixom MI PD
- Wolverine Lake MI PD
- Wood Dale IL PD
- Woodbury County IA SO
- Woodbury NJ PD
- Woodford County IL SO
- Woodhaven MI PD
- Woodlawn OH PD
- Woodridge IL PD
- Woodruff SC PD
- Woodson Terrace MO PD
- Woodstock GA PD
- Woodstock IL PD
- Woodstock VA PD
- Woodville OH PD
- Wooster OH PD
- Worthington OH PD
- Wyandot County OH SO
- Wyandotte MI PD
- Wyoming MI PD
- Wyoming OH PD
- Wythe County VA SO
- Wytheville VA PD
- Xenia OH PD
- Yancey County NC SO
- York County SC SO
- York County VA SO
- York ME PD
- Youngstown OH PD
- Zanesville OH PD
- Zion IL PD
- Zionsville IN PD
Works Cited
Data on Marion County & Statewide Use (Provided by Flock Safety and Local Agencies)
- Marion County OH SO Transparency Portal – Flock Safety
- URL: https://transparency.flocksafety.com/marion-county-oh-so
- Data Cited: The list of 2,132 agencies with access to Marion County data; the 30-day usage statistics (Hotlist Hits and Searches); and Marion County’s use policy.
- Flock Safety Technology | Loveland, OH
- URL: https://lovelandoh.gov/496/Flock-Safety-Technology
- Data Cited: Examples of specific cases solved by the Loveland OH Police Department (LPD), including locating a suspected drunk driver and recovering a stolen vehicle.
Nationwide Effectiveness Statistics
- How Many Crimes Do Automated License Plate Readers (ALPRs) Solve, Anyway? – Flock Safety
- URL: https://www.flocksafety.com/customers/how-many-crimes-do-automated-license-plate-readers-alprs-solve-away
- Data Cited: The claim that Flock technology is instrumental in solving 10% of reported crime in the U.S. and over 700,000 crimes each year.
- New Study Finds that Flock Safety is Instrumental in Solving 10% of Reported Crime in U.S. – GlobeNewswire (Flock Safety Release)
- URL: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/02/08/2826075/0/en/New-Study-Finds-that-Flock-Safety-is-Instrumental-in-Solving-10-of-Reported-Crime-in-U-S.html
- Data Cited: Confirms the nationwide crime-solving statistics and mentions the 43% crime reduction figure for a Dayton, OH neighborhood (cited via a study referenced in the release).
Legal and Privacy Analysis
- The Right to Keep Personal Data Private: Carpenter v. U.S. | American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
- URL: https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/right-keep-personal-data-private-carpenter-v-us
- Data Cited: Analysis of the Carpenter v. United States Supreme Court case, which addresses the warrant requirement for long-term location data and is used by critics to challenge the third-party doctrine as applied to ALPR data.
- ACLU v. Department of Homeland Security (commercial location data FOIA) | American Civil Liberties Union
- URL: https://www.aclu.org/cases/aclu-v-department-homeland-security-commercial-location-data-foia
- Data Cited: Examples of FOIA lawsuits demonstrating the concern that federal agencies purchase commercial location data to bypass legal requirements and transparency laws.