On April 29, 2025, Judge Jennifer L. Thurston issued a preliminary injunction in California, limiting U.S. Border Patrol stops and warrantless arrests. The ruling, in United Farm Workers v. Noem, stemmed from a lawsuit alleging targeting during a sweep far from the border. The judge expressed concern about racial profiling, stating, “You just can’t walk up to people with brown skin and say, ‘Give me your papers.'”